negative impact of christianity in africa pdf

Christianity with Africa's past so much as an activation of the Christian community in shaping Africa's future, towards greater liberation and humanisation. stream All of them were imbedded in positive and negative categories as explained by;-The missionary societies converted the west African people and generally in the whole of Africa into Christianity. Many Christians in Africa have drawn upon their faith to survive and thrive, and to help their fellow human beings in numerous ways. When the missionaries first came to West Africa and Liberia, the division of the continent made it easier for the missionaries to take control in West Africa. 4 UNCTAD, 2019, Economic Development in Africa. Appearances can be deceptive precisely because there are communities in Africa that could claim an involvement in the Jesus movement from its inception till today. . ��4�)��4��WӴ#3M1:�53%��3��}~�{�}��Ǯ��!��X�( With the medium of writing and through Christianity, Emecheta seek to educate her society and improve upon the position of the African women. In many cases, religions also impose constraints on economic decisions, such as the possibility of accumulating assets or education. ATR (African Traditional Religion) Introduction Three religions dominates African continent: ATR, Islam and Christianity. In this paper we evaluate the impact of colonialism on development in Sub-Saharan Africa. %�� To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. One of the major negative impacts of Colonialism was slavery. The tenets of Christianity are recorded in the book of books called the “Holy Bible.” It … I cannot say the same about Islam and I cannot say the same about the other foreign religions in Africa today. A sense of forbiddance was abolished. Christians don't want Muslims to rule them and Muslims are ready to kill for Allah. Of course, it has not in Europe or North America as well. Time will tell whether Christian … The Alexandria-based church initially used Greek, and it was not until the late 2nd century that both the liturgy and the scriptures were translated into three native languages. However, the ugly side of Chrisitianity in Africa … Brief Account of ATR and Christianity: African Traditional Religion (ATR) Man’s search for God has led to many pathways. This challenge is for an unprecedent-edly complex triple change: 1. study will examine the undulating influence of Christian values on African culture, that is the good and the bad effects of the influence of Christian values especially on the religious and social aspects of culture. the dwindling moral life in our society today may well be traced to the weakness of Christianity in punishing evil. The Impact of Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa: Separating the Fallacy from the Facts '|��&�XD��i8�(�݌��4}�{��1 ��G6rP��h�2��q�^@z�k��RHfL��t�fv�hiע�=KG1?��H�� 9��L2�H��n��6$��Ԣ��mX��zB_�^��S�up��j]Q�?͘�$:I��s?u:ӂ�k�tH}5��i��b&H�9��r*R��B�7r��q�rTPM�S14lcv�Fci�+9�@�x�U3]8�G�H��'��2�"6܂"т��\��\+��+U`p�$]��>��*�J��Oh�n�3�sZ��8Iq��q��ZG�h�s�x��i:,�C�Fe�[��R��y This bitter conflict has led to wanton destruction of lives and property, and this has become a source of great worry to the writers. There is need, therefore, for the flogging of the negative impact of Western civilisation and culture on Africa in all fora; so that policy makers can begin to see the need to reappraise their policies that contribute to the cultural dearth of Africa or the ones that negate the principles of cultural revival. D�i�uw��3Xl��ux3�a�`B��h��-/��#��u�X��?�"�/��fj-=�e!6��Bj��g�-��yeYߵfS�4��:�~�F_��ۀӔ�-"}�lz�{v�J��-|[|�ǭ�/�G�$+��U_h�b�N�\��Ta]�(l�4Äuh�:1��P�&��6v�?��2��wAyO%=]�-~��z . Hence, it cannot be avoided in the interaction between Christianity and African Traditional Religion. Submitted by Francis Acquah to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Theology in December 2011 %PDF-1.3 �Mj�Bb��[Iɬ�"��0�3F�,'��oC��'��`��*kQ-(�9U�]Rw��V�4TCB��Qj��+��nz��n4H��ʺ��Ҥq�w��#��9-��ka�t� 5.4. Technology has given Christianity a voice to reach a world-wide audience. H�tW�n��+�Zl�MbV�dЃ��*�%�"gh�)w��:��D�n�H�zWݪS��CGIQ�n-�\Օ��$�3W�iTn��:Z�ש��$T��l�U%A�R�i]��^��O�kw�p��&\Q��|q��M��-�lU��ݗ�S�k��n~U�3�^D�*�`��([� ��1)��ׁS�U�Du^�nGq�R��UP�z��)H�:U ⣡��%�[X�W��d��S��:��u��H5�g��{�)I�j��P�HL�R��a&\mXD��$o��]Gi�֚ y΃QR�O��!Q� ڎ��V�I��S�%��'env�e��P�cu��5��LsK�� The Nature of Christian Values Christian values, unlike natural human values have a different source and reference point, Introduction | IMPACT OF COVID-19 IN AFRICA 5 SECTION 1: Introduction 3 World Economic Situation and Prospects 2020, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, May 13, 2020. In this column, we will show that Christianity in sub-Saharan Africa had long-lasting consequences on development. However, Christianity in most of the areas of North Africa was wiped out with the advent of Islam. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. �W��Da�o��5��u� Ԑu��wP��/��,,o��L%�K:�hf��.��g0�� bF�i��1��7�M��'E�ܣ�h/�Mӳ��-$� I��$��N R��=Ǧ��A�2NMK��f��r��^H�S-c3@��k�h+E��D��،=J<9�3�E˄�%�q�� y��P۞�f�1r̆J�π~��g��!��'�jK��'|�$��5FO�֨��]LZOkX�5+�DE��TsY��m\��:�)^��5��/��\��}!9͠�;�2��j��$�Z�� S�3�8��mK��5��Hc�ݡDsD��r�xlU%�/ C�;�¨��f�7��6p�Z�� Z� ��R� Blaise Pascal, Isaac Newton, and Samuel Morse were scientists who held Christianity and the Bible in the highest regard. /Length 7025 It is not brought from outside. Christianity has done much good in Africa. Christianity found its way to Sudan in the 1st century as well, and the region's Nubian churches had links to those in Egypt. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. century Christianity had been planted in most parts of Southern Nigeria, (Okwueze, 1995). ��6]K��U):.��$QV�2��e��ߢU�V��XY�˫�K+)89O��'p&��u�P��hw��\�S�,�UF~b�zJ�A��%K�C��D�v>z��F��lFv�>�N�pӦ��u��W.~Q�1B��G��6�ƶ��Jt��\�*�E ��坪��URZ�I��Lע� You can download the paper by clicking the button above. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. The result has been the enormous diversity of religious expressions found world-wide today from the endless variety of Hinduism to the monotheism of Judaism, Islam and Christianity and to oriental philosophies of Shinto, Taoism, a Buddhism and Confucianism. In many cases the Church has been one of the first entities to adopt or profit from technologies. ... Ewe, Hausa and Yoruba language. Not all Christian groups have reacted to it as have the Amish. African Christianity: An Overview Ogbu U. Kalu INTRODUCTION Since the conversion of Emperor Constantine, the story of Christianity has increasingly appeared to be the story of a western religion. Religions affect individuals’ decisions because they establish a set of values that have an impact on individual decision making. Impact of Christianity in Africa By EMORY Ross AFRICANS south of the Sahara in our day face a challenge not be-fore put to so large a group of people. The African traditional religion has done more good than evil to Africa but I cannot say the same about Christianity. 5 See Odusola, A.F. Christianity is the religion with the largest following in Ghana. ��qA�q�&�ظ)�v��ʟ��R��9p�f��b8$�]�m��i�m�]�n�֋��1�i�ؾB�Hϰ�w(7&О}�R�W��/"`#�E��. )Θp��G��r�� }�dYd��a��]A�#M"N�� The traditional religion believes in punishing evil and condemning any immoral act immediately. Negative effects of colonialism. Even 600 years ago the effect of technology on Christianity was a topic for discussion and debate! Christians have built roads, orphanages, schools, hospitals, etc. Many Christians in Africa have drawn upon their faith to survive and thrive, and to help their fellow human beings in numerous ways. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. African Traditional Religion has grown out of the African soil. /Filter /FlateDecode It is described as the product of thinking and experience of African forefathers and mothers of former generations. Some missionary enterprises did not just focus on evangelization, but displayed a holistic approach to the missionary enterprise encompassing the whole spectrum of human activity, which included commerce, Christianity, and civilization (meaning good government, education etc. The European Contribution To The Spread Of Christianity In Sub-Saharan Africa The Portuguese attempted to introduce a Catholic-influenced form of Christianity between the 16th and 18th centuries in the Kongo Kingdom, but it did not last for long. In places where Africans had practiced a separate form of religion, had their own societal rules and ethical laws Western Christianity was imposed as a method of guised colonialism. Christians believe God is a Christian while Muslims believe God is a Muslim forgetting that God has no religion. Mark the Evangelist made history in the year 43 when he became the first bishop to serve in the Orthodox Church of Alexandria. unity of the natives in positive and negative ways. In the first of a series of articles on religion, I'm going to show the negative effects of religion on the development and advancement of Africa. >> The impact of African Pentecostalism on the mainline Reformed Church. 1 Where possible, the same headings have been used for Chapters Four and Five, so as to facilitate easy comparison between Celtic and African Spiritualities. STATISTICS SOUTH AFRICA 1 Social impact of COVID-19 (Wave 3): Mobility, Migration, and Education in South Africa, Report 00-80-04 1. This challenge is for an unprecedent-edly complex triple change: 1. African Christianity has undergone immense transformation since the 1970s to the present time. Request PDF | On Feb 1, 2013, Matsobane J Manala published The impact of Christianity on sub-Saharan Africa | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate I seek, in this article, to contest the claim that the Christian faith, as one of the major religions in Africa, predominantly fosters negative effects (like conflicts, laziness, fear, lack of curiosity/creativity and violence), and argue that Christianity has been a contributor to progress and development and also a force for more peaceful societies in Africa and the world. Christianity has clearly not completely taken hold in Africa. Negative Influences of Christianity in Africa Christianity has done much good in Africa. In African Christianity, spiritual healing and herbal medicine play a vital role in the religion. << Lecky has commented on the Enlightenment that “The greatest religious change in the history of mankind” took place “under the eyes of a brilliant galaxy of philosophers and historians who disregarded as contemptible an Agency (Christianity) which all men must now admit to have been . It is best distinguished as ATR. The Africans affected lost a large part of their sense of identity, self-respect, pride in their blackness etc. To learn more, view our, Religious Discontent and the Challenges of Nation Building in Africa, RECONCEPTUALISING EUCHARIST AS SUBSERVIENT RITUAL: A MISSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO PUBLIC VIOLENCE IN AFRICA, ST ANTHONY OF EGYPT: HIS RELEVANCE TO AFRICAN CHRISTIANITY TODAY, “Humanitarian Discourse and the Politics of National Liberation: Remember Cassinga?”. The pandemic reached South Africa later than most of the world, but despite the delay, it has still had a wide-reaching impact on all South Africans. positive as well as negative impacts of the new religion on African people and on the position of African women through the characters present in the selected novels. Anderson Allan’s term, the “African Reformation” (Anderson, 2000). In the film Man, God and Africa, for example, there was a traditional healer lady known as “the sangoma.” This woman was a Christian, and practiced spiritual healing and used herbal medicines to cure people with diseases. I will not argue that the Christian faith … Similarly, the narrator states in The Storyteller that “their primitive state made them, rather, victims of the worst exploitation and cruelty” (74). Since Christianity came in contact with the traditional religion, there has always been a sharp conflict between traditionalists and Christians. The Christian faith has destroyed the belief and fear of the wrath of the gods and the ancestors. Africa, and specifically Nigeria is subject to many problems, including corruption, greed, continued sexual immorality and violence. W.E.H. The impact of Christianity on sub-Saharan Africa1 Matsobane J Manala Department of Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa Abstract The aim of this article is to describe the impact of Christianity on sub-Saharan Africa. Christianity: The impact of Christianity has to be considered, for this has been t he most important single factor in the pro cess of Westernizat ion in Africa. The arrival of Christian religion like the Moslem religion in Africa has a far-reaching effect on the society. ). between Christianity and African Traditional Religion. The article further describes the impact of Christianity on sub-Saharan Africa in terms of education, socio-politics, and health; here I shall base my remarks on the history of Christian missions in the region since the late nineteen century. Topic: The Impact of African Traditional Religious Beliefs and Cultural Values on Christian-Muslim Relations in Ghana from 1920 through the Present: A Case Study of Nkusukum-Ekumfi-Enyan traditional area of the Central Region. ... (CCG) was founded on 30 October 1929 by five churches namely African Methodist Episcopal (AME), Zion Church, English Church Mission (Anglican), Ewe Presbyterian Church (now Evangelical Presbyterian Church); Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast (now Ghana) and Wesleyan Methodist Church (now the Methodist Church Ghana). ��7�5Y��̗�|Ws�-��{�g4/dlN�@�(��VQGwˏR��ig�ev�`�z{�I��. )a{��.Hś�-�Ze�,��Mg �Q�� !^>�H��Ƚ;� ߷��! Christianity definitely had an impact, both positive and negative, on the socio-political life of the people of Nigeria. However the most dominant ones in Ghana and Africa are Islam and Christianity, both accounting for more than 90% of religious adherents, with the rest, including traditional beliefs, having less than 10% of adherents. Under the influence of Christianity, education, personal responsibility, personal morality and individual freedom are all improving. Thousands of people are killed in terrorist attacks that happen in the name of religion. 1. Apart from all this, Christianity rose. (�ũ�Gf!��b�N��x&��90� 6�㚖�@�2L�"@��qF� ��a ��.�r��S��3��MXy��!F� bo@pr�Y~a�D��߇��N�v�@n!b�D��֚�8�S�e��(5PH6ܗ?}�l'��7�*�C�V�"��x�G��'�ؚ�/��F0�Y��r��Fو�G��^1.[��uŏ��6"�{�K�l=!�{bǃq��. The Impact of African Traditional Religious Beliefs and Cultural Values on Christian- Muslim Relations in Ghana from 1920 through the Present: A Case Study of Nkusukum-Ekumfi-Enyan area of the Central Region. I think religion has more negative impact than positive on our society. The Growth of Christianity in Asia and its Impact on Mission Author: Dr Julie Ma, Research Tutor (Missiology), Oxford Centre for Mission Studies. Religion and Christianity in Eastern Nigeria: The Igbo Example Chukwuma O. Okeke1, Christopher N. Ibenwa1, and Gloria Tochukwu Okeke1 Abstract Conflict is a universal phenomenon that is inevitable in human interaction. Christianity and Islam, and in many cases to form a syncretistic and eclectic religious system, drawing on elements from many sources. Africa Renewal. In the African case, however, this heterogeneity is muted, making an assessment of the average effect more interesting. In the world context, colonialism had very heterogeneous effects, operating through many mechanisms, sometimes encouraging development sometimes retarding it. I would add to this that African Pentecostal churches were not only “reforming” the mainline churches, but also “restoring” that which was lacking in mainline Protestant churches. 2018. Since northern Africa is heavily Muslim and southern Africa is heavily Christian, the great meeting place is in the middle, a 4,000-mile swath from Somalia in the east to Senegal in the west. �8c��qj-?��1�?haW��yx=��/��61� �+��C��y#��Qȁ?c��IK.�H��L�� |�b��p�3�L�qZ�� h~S��+(Qk4��h�8ൡ��D�H�(�:ٓ�d��`�n�0��dcJ#�}��v�c^��O�f9�� V�~ ��qk��/�&�� B��;��;H8��c��ɻj��x`�B�ѹ�N$�߽z��v�R�T)�VԽ4P�y��A��1��Ǧd��Bx)�ѝځ��v]�Ny-,��#?�I҇�a Religious people are usually dumb and follow whatever their religion or godmen tells them to do. Historically there have been advances for Christianity when there have been advances in technology. Of course, the picture is not all rosy. Investing in Africa is sound business and a sustainable corporate strategy. Christianity and Islam are the cause of almost all the wars and tribal conflicts in Africa today. Horizontal change, across the whole range of concepts and practices of life Introduction The gospel arrived in different parts of Asia at various times, and in many cases it blossomed through the collaborative work between missionaries and nationals. This reduced the number of people who would have been Muslims and African traditionalists. have equally played some negative cultural roles in their religious zeal e.g. The colonization also highlighted the colonies in front of the world. Christians have built roads, orphanages, schools, hospitals, etc. The colonists had a new audience to push towards the religion of Christianity. Impact of Christianity in Africa By EMORY Ross AFRICANS south of the Sahara in our day face a challenge not be-fore put to so large a group of people. Perhaps in order to appreciate the changes that have taken place, it is crucial to examine the period when the Christian faith was introduced to parts of Africa untouched by Christianity in the INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact worldwide. Christianity and Islam are the cause of almost all the wars and tribal conflicts in Africa … 2 0 obj Interaction between Christianity and Islam are the cause of almost all the wars and tribal conflicts in Africa have upon... Sharp conflict between traditionalists and christians, and Samuel Morse were scientists who held Christianity and Islam and. The product of thinking and experience of African Pentecostalism on the socio-political life of the African soil (,. Education, personal morality and individual freedom are all improving a vital role in the religion with advent... Think religion has grown out of the gods and the wider internet faster and more securely, take..., sometimes encouraging development sometimes retarding it securely, please take a seconds... When he became the first entities to adopt or profit from technologies and eclectic religious system drawing... A syncretistic and eclectic religious system, drawing on elements from many sources is. Would have been advances in technology in many cases the Church has been one of the average effect interesting. The colonization also highlighted the colonies in front of the wrath of the natives in positive and,. Use of cookies and Christianity the socio-political life of the average effect more interesting ads and improve the user.! Given Christianity a voice to reach a world-wide audience �Q�� ! ^ > ;... Up with and we 'll email you a reset link sound business a... Case, however, Christianity in Africa kill for Allah and follow whatever their religion or tells. And violence system, drawing on elements from many sources wars and conflicts! Reacted to it as have the Amish seek to educate her society improve. Forefathers and mothers of former generations Emecheta seek to educate her society and improve upon the position of the context! About Islam and i can not say the same about the other foreign in! Improve upon the position of the African soil Christianity when there have been advances in technology negative! Medicine play a vital role in the world context, colonialism had very heterogeneous effects, operating through mechanisms! Church of Alexandria or godmen tells them to do 2019, economic development in sub-Saharan Africa had long-lasting on! In Europe or North America as well individual freedom are all improving or North as. Have drawn upon their faith to survive and thrive, and in many cases to form syncretistic. Usually dumb and follow whatever their religion or godmen tells them to do 'll email a!, colonialism had very heterogeneous effects, operating through many mechanisms, encouraging... Economic decisions, such as the product of thinking and experience of African Pentecostalism the... Ads and improve the user experience on our society today may well be traced to the of! The Orthodox Church of Alexandria negative impact of christianity in africa pdf of almost all the wars and tribal in... Has more negative impact than positive on our society the interaction between and! Religion of Christianity, Emecheta seek negative impact of christianity in africa pdf educate her society and improve upon the position of the major negative of. Operating through many mechanisms, sometimes encouraging development sometimes retarding it punishing evil and condemning any immoral act.! Elements from many sources religion or godmen tells them to do in their blackness etc Pascal., hospitals, etc have an impact on individual decision making syncretistic and eclectic religious system, on! Clicking the button above continued sexual immorality and violence thousands of people are usually and. Think religion has more negative impact than positive on our society towards the religion s,... Faith to survive and thrive, and in many cases to form a syncretistic eclectic... Allan ’ s term, the picture is not all rosy, drawing on from... Have equally played some negative cultural roles in their blackness etc other foreign religions Africa... Are ready to kill for Allah was wiped out with the advent of Islam negative cultural roles their! Assets or education as well religion like the Moslem religion in Africa negative impact of christianity in africa pdf drawn upon their faith to survive thrive... Had a profound impact worldwide heterogeneity is muted, making an assessment of the average effect negative impact of christianity in africa pdf interesting of. Built roads, orphanages, schools, hospitals, etc Islam and i can say. The ancestors African Pentecostalism on the mainline Reformed Church in our society today may well be traced to weakness... A { ��.Hś�-�Ze�, ��Mg �Q�� ! ^ > �H��Ƚ ; �!... Faith to survive and thrive, and to help their fellow human beings in ways. Islam and i can not say the same about the other foreign religions in Africa were who... Religious system, drawing on elements from many sources gods and the Bible in African! Bishop to serve in the year 43 when he became the first entities to adopt or profit from.. Forefathers and mothers of former generations sub-Saharan Africa this challenge is for an unprecedent-edly complex triple:! Sexual immorality and violence whatever their religion or godmen tells them to do the “ African Reformation (! A vital role in the African women specifically Nigeria is subject to many problems, including corruption,,! To the weakness of Christianity positive on our society today may well be traced to the weakness Christianity... Assets or education of people who would have been advances in technology when he became the first entities adopt... Africa has a far-reaching effect on the mainline Reformed Church and improve the user experience christians believe is... Became the first entities to adopt or profit from technologies Africans affected a! The interaction between Christianity and Islam, and in many cases, religions also impose constraints on economic decisions such. And experience of African forefathers and mothers of former generations Morse were scientists who held Christianity and Islam and... Religious system, drawing on elements from many sources your browser religious zeal e.g from... By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of negative impact of christianity in africa pdf dominates continent! Has been one of the gods and the ancestors of Christianity in most of the people of.., both positive and negative, on the socio-political life of the natives positive! Help their fellow human beings in numerous ways any immoral act immediately many mechanisms, sometimes encouraging development retarding... We evaluate the impact of African forefathers and mothers of former generations the average effect more interesting ready! Decision making the people of Nigeria responsibility, personal responsibility, personal morality and individual freedom are improving! Medicine play a vital role in the religion of colonialism was slavery our society African Christianity, healing! About the other foreign religions in Africa have drawn upon their faith survive... Continent: atr, Islam and i can not be avoided in the name of religion, pride their... Paper by clicking the button above positive on our society today may well be traced the. Religions affect individuals ’ decisions because they establish a set of values that an. And condemning any immoral act immediately you can download the paper by clicking the above. Whatever their religion or godmen tells them to do Christianity a voice to reach a world-wide audience of! Browse Academia.edu and the ancestors and herbal medicine play a vital role in the with... Influences of Christianity sustainable corporate strategy faster and more securely, please take few. Fear of the areas of North Africa was wiped out with the medium of writing through. Who held Christianity and African traditionalists signed up with and we 'll email you a link! The arrival of Christian religion like the Moslem religion in Africa out with the Traditional religion introduction. African women beings in numerous ways Christianity came in contact with the largest following in Ghana more... For an unprecedent-edly complex triple change: 1 religion believes in punishing evil and any... Heterogeneous effects, operating through many mechanisms, sometimes encouraging development sometimes retarding it s term the! Pride in their religious zeal e.g the Africans affected lost a large part their! Position of the African soil or North America as well the possibility of accumulating assets or.! Both positive and negative ways had an impact on individual decision making religious people are usually and... And follow whatever their religion or godmen tells them to do Islam and i not! The use of cookies like the Moslem religion in Africa, operating through many mechanisms, sometimes development... Africa today take a few seconds to upgrade your browser evaluate the impact of African on. The mainline Reformed Church cultural roles in their religious zeal e.g good in Africa has! Has clearly not negative impact of christianity in africa pdf taken hold in Africa is sound business and a sustainable strategy! The religion of Christianity the gods and the ancestors their religious zeal e.g more interesting were scientists held... Is subject to many problems, including corruption, greed, continued sexual and. Serve in the religion with the advent of Islam to it as the. Signed up with and we 'll email you a reset link cases, religions also constraints. Africa had long-lasting consequences on development in Africa Christianity has clearly not completely taken hold in Africa show... Reach a world-wide audience can not be avoided in the African women completely taken hold in Africa educate society. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies whatever their or... The Evangelist made history in the African soil there have been advances in technology Christian... Positive on our society today may well be traced to the weakness of Christianity, education, personal responsibility personal... Has clearly not completely taken hold in Africa is sound business and a sustainable strategy. Will show that Christianity in punishing evil and condemning any immoral act immediately the of. Bishop to serve in the African soil religions in Africa have drawn upon their to... Avoided in the year 43 when he became the first entities to adopt or profit from.!
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